Do sanctions strengthen the targeted regime? I analyze the 2014 imposition of Western sanctions on Russia and its impact on voting. The United States and the European Union introduced targeted measures against Russian entities and individuals related to President Putin’s regime. Using polling...

How important is a relationship with a bank to a firm’s performance and survival? If firms can easily switch among different sources of credit supply, then the loss of any one source may have little implication for the firms that have borrowed from that source. However, to the extent that...