intergenerational persistence in schooling where parents self-finance children's education because of credit market imperfections …. Parents may underestimate a girl's ability, expect lower returns, and assign lower weights to their welfare ("pure son … leads to gender divergence in relative mobility for the children of highly educated fathers. In urban China, and urban and …

learning were concentrated among initially better-performing schools and students. At the same time, learning outcomes may have … decreased for schools and students that were lower performing at baseline. Finally, the study finds that incentivizing students …

-taking is driven by those at the bottom of the income distribution. Third, in the presence of conspicuous consumption, access to …