, children's peers are complementary to financial investment by parents, while the adult role models are substitutes. In contrast … of a convex relation in rural and urban Indonesia. The rural-urban relative mobility curves cross, with the children of … children when the father has more than nine years of schooling. However, the rural children face lower absolute mobility across …

learning were concentrated among initially better-performing schools and students. At the same time, learning outcomes may have … decreased for schools and students that were lower performing at baseline. Finally, the study finds that incentivizing students …