that relative grading, by creating a rank-order tournament in the classroom, provides stronger incentives for male students … than absolute grading. In the full sample, we find weak support for our hypothesis. Among the more motivated students we … find evidence that men indeed score significantly higher on the test when graded on a curve. Female students, irrespective …

randomized experiment. Half of the students who responded to an Internet questionnaire were given factual information on loan … conditions, whereas the other half did not receive such information. Six months later, students who received information have …