adoptive parents. We argue that the impact from biological parents captures broad pre-birth factors, including genes and … prenatal environment, and the impact from adoptive parents represents broad post-birth factors, such as childhood environment …, for the intergenerational association in education and income. We find that both pre- and post-birth factors contribute to …

persistence between parents and children's outcomes has been an active area of research. However, since Gary Solon's 1999 Chapter … precision of the correlations themselves. -- Education ; income mobility ; income transmission ; intergenerational transmission …