by parental preferences: if parents prefer certain sex compositions over others, children's gender affects not only the … dizygotic twins. In these cases, the two children are born at the same time, so parents cannot make decisions about one twin … outcomes of other children but also the very existence of potential additional children. We address this problem by looking at …

and answer three questions: (a) does the relevance of parental background shift from short-term (contemporary income) to … estimators with and without selectivity corrections and numerous robustness tests. Parental income significantly affects … larger parental income effects in West than in East Germany. -- intergenerational transmission ; human capital investment …

-term outcomes, including lifetime income, health, cognitive skills, and education. Our results show that the school lunch program …