While unemployment rates in Europe declined after the global financial crisis until 2018/2019, the incidence of long …-term unemployment, the share of people who have been unemployed for >1 year to the total unemployed, remained high. Moreover, the COVID …-19 pandemic could aggravate the long-term unemployment. This paper explores the factors associated with long …

The Hartz IV labour market reform in 2005 triggered a substantial reduction in unemployment in Germany. At the same …