' relative position persists: those with the highest unemployment rates in 1996 were also in the worse position in 2012. To … via changes in unemployment, labour market participation, and spatial mobility. Our results provide evidence of asymmetric … adjustment mechanism in expansion, unemployment and spatial mobility become the central ones in recession. We also provide …

The Hartz IV labour market reform in 2005 triggered a substantial reduction in unemployment in Germany. At the same …