In-firm training is a crucial innovative activity in modern knowledge-based economies which face increasing global …. This study uses the World Bank Enterprise Survey (WBES) 2010 and Compete Caribbean's Productivity Technology Innovation … play a relatively small role and may not even matter for innovation and productivity. …

information. We also find that the relative importance of knowledge sources varies systematically with the type of innovation … organization that one of the main drivers of differences in productivity is differences in knowledge. We examine a new data set of … detailed measures of knowledge outputs, knowledge investments, and sources of existing knowledge. We find that globally engaged …

) from upper-tail knowledge. As a proxy for the historical presence of knowledge elites, we use city-level subscriptions to … firm survey from the 1840s, we shed light on the mechanism: upper-tail knowledge raised productivity in innovative …

2007. It describes the main facts of Portugal's recent economic history, evaluates some possible explanations for its … firms. This explanation can also potentially account for the similarities and the differences between Portugal on the one … hand, and Ireland and Spain on the other, during this period, and for some features of the crash in Portugal after 2010 …