Students receive abundant information about their educational performance, but how this information affects future …-mandated standardized tests. On these tests, students receive a score and a label that summarizes their performance. Using a regression …-discontinuity design, we find persistent effects of earning a more positive label on the college-going decisions of urban, low-income …

implementation of SEP increased student scores, especially in schools serving high concentrations of low-income students. Migration … of low-income students from public schools to private voucher schools played a small role …1.On average, student test scores increased markedly and income-based gaps in those scores declined by one-third in the …