Drawing from a broad range of sources, we define and discuss the two primary ways of contemplating issues related to environmental economics, namely, interventionism and libertarianism. We then interpret a cellular automaton as a model that allows for either approach, as well as anarchy, and...

On 27 October 2007 the Russian Federation revoked Lufthansa Cargo's rights to fly over Russian territory. The withdrawal came as a surprise to Lufthansa Cargo and shortly after the dispute started it evolved from an economic to a political conflict which awoke international interest. The...

The purpose of this report is to carry out for the Inter-American Development Bank (IDB) a strategic analysis of specific medium-sized cities in the Latin America and Caribbean (LAC) region that could present opportunities for linking greenhouse gas mitigation and sustainable urban...

The intended goal of this paper is to expand the IDB's current disaster policy in the area of human-driven disasters. This paper explores and expands on the definition and scope of "human-driven" disasters in order to strengthen the policy in its present area of "unexpected" disasters. This...

For the nations of Latin America and the Caribbean to respond effectively to the Climate Change challenge, they need to be able to understand what the impacts of Climate Change may be for each country and the extent of each country's contribution to the problem before they can define and...

Developing countries offer great climate change mitigation potential through enhanced transport systems that also support local environmental, economic, transport, social and urban development objectives. One of the instruments to support GHG mitigation efforts and development goals by...

This paper provides guidance to Bank staff on how to conduct an expanded, comprehensive economic cost-benefit analysis (CBA) in order to measure net benefits from a project taking both project and environmental factors into account, as required under Directives B.5 and B.9 in the Bank's...

The Environment and Safeguards Group (ESG) of the IDB has examined how potential environmental and social risks of major Bank-supported road improvement investments in natural resource rich and socio-culturally diverse "frontier" regions have been identified and addressed in various parts of...

This paper proposes a concept of green infrastructure, centered on a multi-level approach to infrastructure development that addresses these impacts. The paper argues that only multi-level solutions, encompassing national policy, sector planning, and sound project engineering, will be able to...