, there is little reliable evidence on how the inclusion of such non-cash income actually affects poverty and inequality … and poverty rates by almost one-third. However, adjusting for differences in needs for public services across population … subgroups offsets about half the inequality reduction and some of the poverty decrease …

differences when measuring poverty, there is little reliable evidence on how these factors actually affect poverty estimates … account by using municipal housing price indices or by replacing the country-specific poverty line with municipal …-specific poverty lines. Applying Norwegian register data for the period 1993-2001, we find that disregarding the value of local public …

As an alternative to the conventional methods for measuring chronic poverty, this paper proposes an interpersonal … comparable measure of permanent income as a basis for defining and measuring chronic poverty. This approach accounts for the fact … proposed method proves useful for evaluating the theoretical basis of the standard methods for measuring chronic poverty …