Global pharmaceutical pricing strategies have been debated in published literature; however, these debates have not accounted for the differences in elasticity of demand between the public, private and cash paying markets. A mathematical model is presented that explores several plausible...

The European welfare regimes face two sets of challenges. One internal, specific for the welfare state itself, and the other external, imposed by changing economic, political and economics conditions. The first challenge lies in the growing gap between the rigid welfare state design and flexible...

During the last decades, international trade flows of the industrialised countries became more and more intra-industry. At the same time, employment perspectives particularly of the low skilled by tendency deteriorated in these countries. This phenomenon is often traced back to the fact that...

We examine some controversial country-specific factors influencing vertical and horizontal intra-industry trade including foreign direct investment and income distributions. As concerns, the effect of differences in countries’ levels of economic development (richness), both theories and...

This study examines the nature of interdependence, and return and volatility spillovers, for three Indian exchange rates: US dollar (USD), Euro and British Pound. We use the spillover index methodology of Diebold and Yilmaz (2009) to analyse precisely and independently the returns and volatility...

When the source of external capital for Continental European firms is examined, debt markets have historically supplied a much larger percentage of the external capital than equity markets, and firms rely much more on bank debt than bonds for their external funds. In this environment banks have...

The sub-prime crisis began in mid-2007 as a bursting of the US housing market bubble and became a truly global meltdown in 2008. Renewed instability in financial markets precipitated awareness of how policy makers must react to systemic failures. This paper discusses the primary policy issues...

This paper demonstrates that the current economic crisis has its roots in the evolution of the global economy during the 1960s. The gradual increase of US debt from the 1960s accompanied by the deficit in the US trade balance due to international competition from EU, Japan, and later from China...