"Brazil's inequalities in welfare and poverty across and within regions can be accounted for by differences in …

"Measured by the Gini coefficient, income inequality in Brazil rose from 0.57 in 1981 to 0.63 in 1989, before falling … back to 0.56 in 2004. This latest figure would lower Brazil's world inequality rank from 2nd (in 1989) to 10th (in 2004 …). Poverty incidence also followed an inverted U-curve over the past quarter century, rising from 0.30 in 1981 to 0.33 in 1993 …

United States, Indonesia, and Brazil in the period 1980-2000. They are all federations or quasi-federations composed of …/provinces in China and India. The United States, where regional inequality is the least, shows further convergence. Brazil, with …

"Using recently completed "poverty maps" for Cambodia, Ecuador, and Madagascar, the authors simulate the impact on … poverty of transferring an exogenously given budget to geographically defined subgroups of the population according to their … relative poverty status. They find large gains from targeting smaller administrative units, such as districts or villages. But …