There are many indicators of energy security. Few measure what really matters-an affordable and reliable energy supply-and the trade-offs between the affordability and reliability. Reliability is physical, affordability is economic. The latest Russian invasion of Ukraine highlights some of the...

This paper assesses the interaction of international trade with climate policies, and the influence of trade on the implementation of SDG 13 (climate change). Although international trade contributes directly to GHG emissions, increased trade can help to achieve development goals in a...

Energy security implies the availability, affordability, applicability, plausibility and acceptability of countries' energy supply. Implying the sustainability of countries' energy supplies, energy insecurity is widespread across Asia. Southeast Asia (SEA) serves as an example for Asia's energy...

Green investment vehicles are limited by multiple market failures, such as high transaction costs for certification and monitoring, and high minimum investment sizes. In this exploratory study, we apply an inductive approach based on qualitative evidence from expert feedback to assess the...

Lack of cooling and cold-chain access is a critical development challenge that has significant implications for people's livelihoods, productivity, health, food, and nutritional security. While business-as-usual demand projections suggest 19 new cooling appliances will be sold every second by...

In recent times, the People's Republic of China (PRC) has faced significant challenges in terms of managing its environment and moving forward with the concept of sustainable economic development. The environmental challenges concern the increasing consumption of fossil fuel energy, which has...

Green growth simultaneously seeks economic development and environmental enhancement. In order to support green growth financially, the green finance sector needs to be developed. Funding and investment mechanisms of green finance are different from that of non-green finance, because green...

Responsibility for financial and macroeconomic stability implicitly or explicitly lies with the central bank, which therefore ought to address climate-related and other environmental risks on a systemic level. Furthermore, central banks, through their regulatory oversight over money, credit, and...

Following the successful climate agreement in Paris, global attention shifted quickly to how countries will achieve their nationally determined contributions. To achieve the goals, governments need to make full use of the private sector capacity to unlock much larger flows of private investment...