goverments by using the proposed estimator. The estimation results shows that the effects of growth rates on unemployment rates … are different with respect to unemployment rates …

concord with the fact that young workers confront a relatively high unemployment rate compared to other population groups …

, but not in unemployment rates. We attribute such inconsistency to persons marginally attached to the labor force and … persons employed part time for economic reasons. Therefore, we construct extended measures for unemployment from 2003 to 2013 … that the alternative measures of unemployment rates support the existence of hysteresis in the Korean labor market, which …