In this paper, the author aims to question the assumptions underlying the economic case for the independent European Central Bank (ECB) and argues that although a European Clearing Agency (ECA) of the type Keynes envisaged for the international economy is not a panacea for the economic problems...

This paper examines the operations of the European Central Bank (ECB) with respect to monetary policy, along with its effects on inflation, exchange rate and financial stability. It also discusses how the regulatory role of the ECB should be improved in the future. In this way, the paper...

We proceed as follows. Section 7.2 deals with the conflicts arising from the persisting asymmetry of demand shocks, possible unfavourable effects on trade and welfare, lack of national and supranational fiscal stabilizers, low mobility and flexibility of labour and shortage of money stocks for...