competition (1) led to increased technical change within firms; and (2) reallocated employment between firms towards more … European technology upgrading over 2000-2007 (and even higher when allowing for offshoring to China). Rising Chinese import … competition also led to falls in employment, profits, prices and the share of unskilled workers. By contrast, import competition …

to increases in R&D, patenting, IT and TFP within firms; and second it reallocated employment between firms towards more … in employment, profits, prices and the skill share. By contrast, import competition from developed countries had no …