its response to that crisis (allowing weak banks to close) and the redoubling of regulatory efforts to promote market … discipline has played an important role in prudential regulation by encouraging proper risk management by banks. There is … substantial heterogeneity among banks in the interest rates they pay for debt and the rate of growth of their deposits, and that …

After an unprecedented number of banks suspended operations during the Panic of 1893, the head regulator of banks … chartered by the United States government allowed about 100 banks to reopen after certifying their solvency. We evaluate whether … actions by bank owners to change management, contract with depositors to extend liability maturity structure, write off bad …