This article applies univariate and panel data unit root tests to annual panel data for 182 countries over the period 1979-2000 to examine the stationarity properties of per capita energy consumption. The univariate unit root test can only reject the unit root null for 56 countries or 31% of the...

In this paper, we propose a simple extension to a Keynesian type macro model by augmenting it with energy consumption. We show the relationship between energy consumption and output in a macroeconomic setting and ask the question: Do permanent shocks dominate changes in energy consumption and...