We empirically study the forces that drive the primary and secondary portion of the shares placed in public during IPOs. Simultaneously, the results shed additional light on the motives for going public. The data show that the need for additional equity underlies primary and combined offerings....

We empirically study the forces that drive the primary and secondary portion of the shares placed in public during IPOs. Simultaneously, the results shed additional light on the motives for going public. The data show that the need for additional equity underlies primary and combined offerings....

We model the entrepreneurial firm's choice of debt finance, allowing for debt renegotiations in the event of financial distress. We differentiate two sources of debt finance, bank debt and trade credit, by the implicit equity stake that lenders hold in the borrowing firm. Lenders with a large...