determined by the initial gap. We obtain these results with 2SLS estimates where slavery is used as an instrument for the initial … gap. The excludability of slavery is preliminarily established by instrumenting it with the share of disembarked slaves … initial racial gap in education and that slavery affects growth indirectly through this channel. -- race ; inequality …

associated with slavery was not destroyed in the Civil War. In Black Market, Aaron Carico reveals how the slave commodity … failed--abolition enabled the emergence of a modern nation-state, in which slavery still determined--and now goes on to …