The race between industrial robots and human, not only for the developed countries, but also for emerging market countries, especially China, is widely discussed among economists and policy makers. China, as the largest industrial nation, is struggling for structural transformation and...

This paper studies the job turnover among manufacturing enterprises in Shanghai during the period from 1989 to 1992. Various indicators of job turnover are calculated. The empirical results demonstrate that types of ownership and firm size are significant factors in accounting for the changes in...