Earlier research on poverty failed to provide us with consistent measures of its prevalence across space and time. This … is due to the limitations of the available sources and to the difficulty of applying to them the poverty definitions of … modern social science. This article discusses different possible approaches to poverty measurement and the problems …

affected the income position of high-income pensioners. However, also the structure of public pension benefits had a poverty …

poverty indices using SOEP data from 1991-2012. We distinguish between parental and publicly provided childcare, which is an … increasingly important in-kind benefit in Germany. We find that both multidimensional inequality and poverty declined as expanded …