What motivates individuals to become politicians? This is an important question in decentralized democracies, where … local politicians play a key role in public goods provision. However, and in emerging economies, bureaucratic hurdles and … concern for reputation, our model predicts that politicians' effort is increasing in their reputation concern. With …

Income-based as well as most existing multidimensional poverty indices (MPI) assume equal distribution within the … household and thus are likely to lead to yield a biased assessment of individual poverty, and poverty by age or gender. In this … poverty status of households, while the impact of these assumptions on inequality between individual cannot be determined a …

poverty. This generally fails to find any systematic pattern of change in income distribution during recent decades. Neither … conflicts. Among the strategic elements that have contributed to reduced poverty are: an outward-oriented strategy of export … in reducing poverty. Growth can be substantial if the policy and institutional environment is right. …