for white mothers. At childbirth, heat-exposed mothers are more likely to have hypertension and have longer hospital stays …. For infants, fetal exposure to extreme heat leads to a higher likelihood of dehydration at birth and hospital readmission …

study how the loss of hospital-based obstetric units in over 400 counties affect maternal and infant health via a difference …-in-differences design. We find that closures lead mothers to experience a significant change in birth procedures such as inductions and C …

suggest the effects are more pronounced among children raised in farm households, females, and those with lower maternal …

-monotonically with parental income, and that children of parents in the top ventile of the income distribution have higher rates of low … birth weight and preterm birth than those in the bottom ventile. However, unlike birth outcomes, infant mortality varies … between income and maternal mortality. At the same time, these disparities by parental income are small when compared to …