income group clusters to aid comparison across income blocs. The study employed panel estimation techniques including pooled … ordinary least squares (POLS), dynamic panel estimation with fixed-effects and random-effects and generalized method of moments …

Critics of trade liberalization argue that globalization increases countries' vulnerability to economic shocks and … argue that globalization promotes economic growth and reduces poverty, which leads to a reduction in the risk of internal … basis for concluding that globalization affects the risk indirectly through its effect on long- and short-term growth. In …