A decomposition of changes to participation rates of 55-to-74 year-olds between 2002 and 2017 based on an estimated … reduced sensitivity of old-age participation to the level of unemployment suggests that the tightening of alternative early … retirement pathways through unemployment or disability schemes has been a major factor in the turnaround in the participation …

Japan faces the problem of how to finance retirement, health, and long-term care expenditures as the population ages … of Japan. We find that financing the costs of aging through gradual increases in the consumption tax rate delivers a …

head in the 50-59 age group) in Japan do not have inordinate amounts of debt and that their financial health is … they could previously. We therefore need to monitor the borrowing behavior of this cohort over time as the Bank of Japan …

to address the shrinkage of the working-age population in Japan. The estimation results suggest that ensuring access to …