This paper uses the panel data of energy consumption and GDP for 82 countries from 1972 to 2002. Based on the income … levels defined by the World Bank, the data are divided into four categories: low income group, lower middle income group …, upper middle income group, and high income group. We employ the GMM-SYS approach for the estimation of the panel VAR model …

) hypothesis between 1991 and 2016, using Lagrange multiplier (LM) bootstrap panel cointegration and augmented mean group (AMG … panel cointegration test results demonstrate that series in the EKC model are related in the long run, and the AMG long … States, and the whole panel. iii) In the United States, renewable energy reduces environmental pollution. iv) Urbanization …

This study is based on a balanced panel of pollutants (CO2, SO2 and NOx emissions per capita) drawn from the … level of economic growth. The dynamic Panel-VAR results using impulse response functions and variance decomposition support …