Policy considerations• An over-inclusive application of EU competition rules restricts access to collective bargaining for self-employed workers, treating collective agreements as illegal cartel agreements.• EU competition law neglects power imbalances in the labour market and the universal...

The applicability of competition laws to collective bargaining has long been debated in the law literature of the U.S. and the European Union.The competition laws, playing a major role in national economic policy, are designed in a way to regulate the structure of markets and to promote...

This chapter provides an alternative basis for the economic analysis of competition law from conventional neoclassical theory. It makes three primary points.First, markets—and processes of price formation in particular—are always governed. There is no “free market” in which prices...

Originally, anchoring labour rights to the existence of a personal relationship of subordination was functional to prevent the greater bargaining strength of the employed being disproportionately reflected in the terms and conditions regulating the provision of labour. This does not seem anymore...