Shell’s landmark ruling ordered to reduce the CO 2 emissions to the Shell group by a net 45% by 2030, compared to 2019 levels. In this paper, we analyze the effects of extending Shell's sentence to all the foreign affiliates of multinational enterprises and find that it would result in a 2.85...

The methodology proposed in this paper allows us to parcel the pollution haven hypothesis (PHH) into a bi-regional input–output framework to analyse whether the specialisation of countries in different stages of production and/or in final goods trading generates an increase or a decrease in...

In parallel with the increasing availability of multiregional input-output (MRIO) tables, there has been a growing concern on IO modelling at lower levels of spatial disaggregation, to reflect the particular features of cities better. The urbanization process is one of the salient...

In parallel with the increasing availability of multiregional input-output (MRIO) tables, there has been a growing concern on IO modelling at lower levels of spatial disaggregation, to reflect the particular features of cities better. The urbanization process is one of the salient...