of technology shocks when analyzing spatial convergence among regions.Specifically, it is argued that a systems approach … initial income per capita and that of its subsequent average growth rate. Moreover, the estimated speed of convergence is … convergence. -- spatial beta-convergence ; spatial solow model ; spatial systems maximum likelihood estimation ; European regions …

experiencing net immigration, while lagging regions experience higher speeds of income convergence. As a result, migration … increases sigma-convergence. Results show an increase of more than one third. Free movement of persons also proves to increase … efficiency, displayed by higher average convergence speeds. …