the indirect wage effect resulting from lower unemployment risks and shorter spells in unemployment associated with higher … accounting for the effects of unemployment on individual wages using EU-SILC data. Across countries we find a high variation of … the effect of education on unemployment duration. Overall, the returns to education are estimated to be the highest in the …

This paper contributes to the policy-relevant question whether self-employment is a way out of (long-term) unemployment …. We estimate the relationship between the entry rate into self-employment and previous (long-term) unemployment on the … measurement errors induced by the pseudo panel structure. We find that previous (long-term) unemployment significantly increases …