Does a high regional concentration of immigrants of the same ethnicity affect immigrant children's acquisition of host … exposure to a higher own-ethnic concentration impairs immigrant children's host-country language proficiency and increases … school dropout. A key mediating factor for this effect is parents' lower speaking proficiency in the host-country language …

positive effects of central exams on achievement tests, previous research on university-bound students shows no effects on … subsequent earnings. We suggest that labor-market effects may be more imminent for students leaving school directly for the labor … that central exams are indeed associated with higher earnings for students from school types directly bound for the labor …

rate versus just the steady-state income level – matters less than academic discussions suggest. We close by discussing …

income and Protestant church attendance for six waves of up to 175 Prussian counties spanning 1886-1911. The data reveal a … marked decline in church attendance coinciding with increasing income. The cross-section also shows a negative association … between income and church attendance. But the association disappears in panel analyses, including first-differenced models of …

shares, students' academic skills, and parents' entrepreneurial occupation … effect of private-school competition on students' entrepreneurial intentions. We exploit Catholic-Church resistance to state … instrumental-variable results suggest that a 10 percentage-point higher private-school share raises students' entrepreneurial …