or output of a knowledge production function. We suggest that the productivity of research in patent production functions … to patentable knowledge, and development happens after the initial research phase that may have led to a patent. Instead … of using data on R&D, we separate the knowledge creating process into 'R' and 'D'. This data stems from R&D surveys of …

market (innovation). It turns out that spillovers from rivals lead to more imitation, while inputs from customers and … research institutions enhance original innovation. …

innovation activities of their business customers. Individual banks' liquidity shocks are identified by the degree of interbank … total innovation expenditures in comparison to the periods before. Our results imply that those firms which have a business … relation to a bank with higher interbank market reliance reduce their innovation activities during the financial crisis to a …

financial crisis 2008/2009 on their business customers’ innovation activity. Using a matched bank-firm data set for Germany, we … find that having relations with a more severely affected bank seriously hampers firms’ current innovation activities due to … initiate new product and process innovations and to reallocate human resources to innovation during the financial crisis. …