detailed customs and firm-product-level data from Portugal. We use exchange-rate movements as a source of variation in export …

two "integration episodes", the development of an economic union between Portugal and its African colonies and the … establishment of democratic socialism since then. The paper contrasts the recent economic experience of Portugal with its neighbour … Spain. The view that EC membership is desirable because it ensures Portugal against dictatorship is also examined and …

When the 1987 general elections brought a durable government to Portugal, the national environment was still …

, economies of scale, and have been heavily protected from international competition in Portugal and Spain. The `costs of non …

economic agents, competition policies are usually included in the legal framework that regulates economic activities. Portugal …