such applications, a key role is played by complementarities in the process of innovation. …

focus on Portugal. The data on inputs and outputs of innovation were collected from the Innovation Union Scoreboard 2010 … Innovation Union Scoreboard 2010 report classifies Portugal as Moderate innovator and Germany and Sweden as Innovation leaders …. This research has found the marginal productivity of innovation in Portugal to be similar to the one of Germany and higher …

This paper investigates the extent to which ‘advanced’ knowledge and technology played a role in the SO2 compliance … knowledge and technology dedicated to pollution abatement played a minor role in that process while relatively unadvanced forms … of knowledge and technology played the main role. New qualitative evidence in this somewhat well-known case is considered …

to states of uncertainty be explicitly dealt with. We argue that ‘knowledge,’ because of the existence of uncertainty is … ‘energy gradients’ and ‘knowledge gradients’ as essential concepts in understanding economic emergence and resultant economic …