covering the development on an aggregate level. Estimations to shed light on the relation between unemployment and labour force … years. However, the impact of this development on unemployment is rather limited. …

non-employment are smaller during economic downturns or in regions with high unemployment rates …In this paper I analyse whether non-employment periods at the initial stages of an individual’s career may increase … workers’ propensity to experience non-employment also in subsequent years. The study is based on data on young individuals in …

historically focussed on reducing unemployment (the tip of the iceberg), the group of inactive people (below the waterline) is much … larger. Therefore, we point to the clear limitations of the unemployment rate as the (single) key macro-economic indicator of … the health of the labour market. A parsimonious dashboard approach utilising the unemployment-to-population ratio and the …