polarization in Italy by population groups (gender, occupational status, education, age, residential area and state of birth). By … Ray polarization index by population groups. Second, we employ the Relative Distribution Approach by groups. Our results … formed on the basis of the state of birth (residential area).Thus, the decomposition of the polarization indices by …

polarization in Italy by population groups (gender, occupational status, education, age, residential area and state of birth). By … Ray polarization index by population groups. Second, we employ the Relative Distribution Approach by groups. Our results … formed on the basis of the state of birth (residential area).Thus, the decomposition of the polarization indices by …

This paper applies a non-parametric tool, the “relative distribution”, to identify patterns of changes in Brazil … the country, we are able to document an increased income polarization, which has particularly affected households below …