In response to questions about the relative importance of different types of capital flow for international competitiveness, we develop a structural vector auto-regressive model of the real exchange rate and international capital flows. We reveal that innovations to speculative sentiment cause...

The traditional trade theory predicts that trade in goods perfectly substitutes for direct movement of factors. This equivalence between goods trade and factor movements, however, depends crucially on assumptions about the production. This paper establishes necessary and sufficient conditions...