Spain) suffer from a problem of competitiveness. Since their membership of the euro area renders devaluation impossible … to a recovery of previous levels of employment and growth. In this paper, the authors estimate trade balance equations …

, Portugal, and Spain) suffer from a problem of competitiveness. Since devaluation is not possible because they are part of the … balance, should lead to recover the previous levels of employment and growth. In this paper, the authors estimate trade …

International competitiveness, explained by a sharp reduction in the growth rate of labor productivity as well as of total factor …The growth trend of Western economies has declined slowly but steadily over the last fifteen years. Shorter and less … generalized slowdown, Italy displays an even weaker growth with respect to the most advanced European countries and the US. The …

What is the relationship between real exchange rate misalignments and economic growth? And what effect, if any, did … undervaluations or overvaluations of the lira/euro have on Italy's growth? We address these questions by presenting, first, three main … facts: (i) there is a positive relationship between undervaluation and growth; (ii) this relationship is strong for …

the United States and Japan, in regards of growth rates, investment rates, R&D and innovation, international trade, etc …., as well as the fast changes of the world economy determined the European Commission to issue the white paper on “Growth …, Competitiveness and Employment”, underlining the meaning of the European economy’s competitiveness in the new conditions, and the …