Real exports are commonly specified as depending on an indicator of price competitiveness and on a measure of foreign … activity. This study empirically investigates the suitability of alternative competitiveness indicators in explaining real … exports for a broad group of advanced economies. To this end, a panel cointegration analysis is conducted, augmented by a …

-up -, prices in excess to costs (PCM), among of which stand out import penetration and the export orientation of sectors. In … show relevant statistical significance of explanatory variables in different estimation methods (OLS, Fixed and Random …

differ from those in an export-only model. Calibrating our model to rich firm-level data from France and Norway, our main …