pay discrimination in France, Germany, Italy, Spain and the United Kingdom.Design/methodology/approach – The authors used …Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to provide evidence concerning wage differentials and the existence of gender … the stochastic frontier approach as an alternative method to measure the relevance of gender discrimination. This …

countries. In the paper, we compare the labour market developments in four countries: Germany, Italy, Poland, and Sweden. There … are pronounced differences in the labour market participation in the four countries: high levels of employment in Germany … and Sweden are in contrast with low levels of employment in Italy and Poland. In the latter two countries, there is also a …