Trade in services is an important component of international trade and is becoming increasingly more important with growth rates exceeding the rates with which goods trade increases. This is also true in the bilateral U.S. - EU relationship: Trade in services, and especially trade in digitally...

This paper develops a nonlinear optimization model for the optimal allocation of labor and investment resources in a three-sector open economy. The model is based on the Cobb-Douglas production function and incorporates sectoral interdependencies, capital depreciation, trade balances, and import...

This paper studies the drivers of the US real exchange rate (RER), with a particular focus on its comovement with net trade (NT) flows. We consider the entire spectrum of frequencies, as the low-frequency variation accounts for 62 and 64 percent of the unconditional variance of the RER and NT,...

This study aims to explore the relationship between macroeconomic factors and the decision to file an anti-dumping (AD) initiation, focusing on the post-WTO period from 1995 to 2022 for both reporting and targeted countries. We analyze the 20 most frequent users of the AD mechanism and the 20...

Purpose - The main purpose of this study is to evaluate the threshold impact of foreign direct investment (FDI) on Ghana's trade balance. Design/methodology/approach - The study used annual time-series data, spanning 1980-2022. The study employed the autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) models,...

The revival of economic nationalism poses a challenge to neoclassical orthodoxy, which claims that liberalized international trade is (subject to a few recognized exceptions) inherently cooperative and mutually beneficial. Post-Keynesian open economy models demonstrate that international trade...

Compared to 2020, the deficit in merchandise goods trade with China is 3.6 times higher for Germany in 2025 (annualised based on data from January to April 2025) and it has doubled for the Euro area. However, the nominal exchange rate of the Yuan against the Euro has hardly changed between 2020...

This paper aims to empirically examine the drivers of the bilateral balance of the trade model for the Georgian-Chinese economy from 2000 to 2020 and the influence of the Georgia-China free trade agreement on the Georgian-Chinese balance of trade. The Error Correction Model (ECM) of the ARDL was...

This study seeks to test the validity of the Marshall-Lerner (M-L) condition between Egypt and BRICS countries (five countries: Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa) to determine which industries will benefit from depreciation in the long run by employing the import and export models...

This paper analyzes the role of the nature of traded goods in the effect of the real exchange rate on the trade balance in West African Economy and Monetary Union countries. Empirically, the estimation of the parameters of a distributed lag autoregressive model using the technique of dynamic...

Foreign trade is a major factor in a country's economic development since it facilitates the integration of the national economy into the global system by granting access to foreign resources, technologies, and markets. In the context of globalisation, economic processes are constantly changing,...

Somalia has been a stateless nation for over two decades, where government institutions have been destroyed and malfunctioned, including the central bank. Consequently, this ruled out the control and regulation of the money supply and exchange rate by the central bank. This study investigates...

This paper documents that cross-border investment income flows are important for explaining current account balances in major economies. Those investment incomes reflect returns on cross-border asset holdings and on balance often reach magnitudes around 5% of major economies' gross domestic...

Purpose - Trade relations between China and the USA have been marked by conflict, especially since China's membership in the World Trade Organization (WTO). These conflicts have been analyzed from a variety of perspectives, including the loss of jobs in the USA due to Chinese imports,...

How much did France pay for its colonial empire? Did colonies benefit from large transfers from French taxpayers and private investors, or were they on the contrary drained of their capital? So far, Jacques Marseille (1984) was the only attempt to investigate these questions, by deducting from...

This study examined the effect of free trade on intra-African bilateral trade balances for Kenya, Rwanda, Uganda, and Tanzania to assess the potential implications of the African Continental Free Trade area. The four countries have experienced persistent trade deficits. Whether free trade within...

International power competition between the U.S. and China is intensifying as the deterioration of international trade cooperation is ongoing. Especially surrounding the U.S.-China trade war, the bilateral trade imbalance has been vociferously problematised and politicised. I argue that...

Throughout its history, India has been viewed as an agricultural country. 54.6 percent of India's population (census 2011) is employed in agriculture and related sectors, which accounted for 17.4 percent of GDP in 2016-17. (Current prices). Agriculture accounted for 10.5% of India's total...

■ This study finds that the weakening of the Korean won reduces import value temporarily and, in the mid-term, expands export value, narrowing the trade deficit.- Since the US dollar is the usual choice for payment in international trade, the depreciating won has little impact on export volume...

In this paper, we investigate the relationship between different loan types and the current account balance along with its sub-components. Our empirical results suggest that a rise in total loans inevitably leads to a deterioration in the current account balance. This relationship is preserved...

The article studies the impact of the exchange rate on the trade balance in Vietnam during the period 2005-2021. The relationship between the exchange rate and the trade balance has been mentioned in many theories and empirical studies in different countries and during different periods. To...