This paper presents the findings derived from a comprehensive survey conducted by the Central Bank of Malta, in collaboration with the National Statistics Office, with the aim of analysing payment habits in Malta. The research explores individuals' perspectives on various aspects, including...

Euro banknotes and coins are legal tender in the euro area. Cash is also an important payment instrument for ensuring that consumers have the freedom to choose how they pay, and it is essential for the financial inclusion of all groups in society. The Eurosystem cash strategy aims to ensure that...

In recent years, the rise in digital payments has spurred a discussion in Canada and other countries about the future of cash at the point of sale. To better understand trends in payment methods accepted by Canadian businesses, including cash acceptance and the impact of innovations such as...

This case study of the Illinois banking market shows how the private market managed the crisis in the banknote market during the first year of the Civil War. Banknotes backed by southern bonds started their decline with the election of Lincoln causing their values to fall below par. The Illinois...

We present key results from the 2023 Methods-of-Payment (MOP) Survey, including updated payment shares based on a three-day shopping diary. Results show that measures of cash management and use have remained fairly stable since 2020, along with the estimated share of payments made online. In...

Based on 25 years (1995-2019) of fully integrated sectoral data, this study builds on monetary circuit theory to examine the Italian experience of growing private debt followed by a long recession with balance-sheet restructuring. It is argued that this process cannot be identified as a typical...

The aim of this paper is twofold. First, it shows how a standard stock-flow consistent model (SFCM) can be modified to embed some fundamental insights from Graziani's theory of the monetary circuit (TMC). Second, it aims to address some common misconceptions about the TMC. More precisely, it is...

Stock-flow consistent (SFC) modelling and monetary circuit theory (MCT) have many similarities. However, an important difference concerns the reflux phase, during which the credits issued by banks are repaid. This phase is constitutive of MCT models, but does not generally appear explicitly in...

We analyze the repercussions of different kinds of uncertainty on cash demand, including uncertainty of cashless infrastructures, confidence crises of the financial system, natural disasters, political uncertainties, and inflationary crises. Based on a comprehensive literature survey and...

We present results from the 2022 Methods-of-Payment Survey, including updated payment shares based on a three-day shopping diary. We highlight long-term trends in cash holdings, management and use observed across results from previous surveys in 2009, 2013 and 2017. We also review recent trends...

We analyze the role of a well-functioning cash infrastructure for the stabilizing role of cash and the resilience of cash cycles. For that purpose, experiences from developed countries with low and high cash usage are assessed by distinguishing between demand and supply factors to demonstrate...

Perum Peruri, as a state-owned banknote printing company, needs to do business model innovation to anticipate change in printing regulation by Bank Indonesia (BI). The finished banknotes business model is the submission of the entire process to provide end-to-end Rupiah. This research analyzes...

Studies from 2016 on demonstrate that the impact of cash transfers varies based on duration, depending on whether they are distributed over a short (24 months or less) or long (more than 24 months) period. Cash transfers distributed over a long period provide predictability that is associated...

To help policy makers make practical programmatic design choices, this series summarizes recent literature on cash transfers and explains how the design of cash transfer programs can affect outcomes. The series is launched with an initial set of five thematic briefs on benefit size, timing...

Cash-transfer payment mechanisms abound and have diversified greatly in recent years. Payments can be made manually (in person) on a set schedule at a brick-and-mortar location such as a bank, post office, or government office or digitally via mobile money, biometrically authenticated smart...

Conflict undermines development, while poverty, in turn, breeds conflict. Policy interventions such as cash transfers could lower engagement in conflict by raising poor households' welfare and productivity. However, cash transfers may also trigger appropriation or looting of cash or assets. The...

As part of the Eurosystem’s annual banknote production planning, the national central banks draw up forecasts estimating the volumes of national-issued banknotes in circulation for the three years ahead. As at the end of 2021, more than 80 per cent of euro banknotes in circulation (cumulated...

As part of the Eurosystem’s annual banknote production planning, the national central banks draw up forecasts estimating the volumes of national-issued banknotes in circulation for the three years ahead. As at the end of 2021, more than 80 per cent of euro banknotes in circulation (cumulated...

Growing evidence on the links between poverty and psychology has prompted increased interest in the psychosocial impacts of economic interventions and the economic impacts of psychologically motivated interventions. In practice, psychologically motivated programs typically comprise one of many...

We analyze the repercussions of different kinds of uncertainty on cash demand, including uncertainty of the digital infrastructures, confidence crises of the financial system, natural disasters, political uncertainties, and inflationary crises. Based on a comprehensive literature survey,...

The study explores the factors likely to induce Polish customers to pay by cash, instead of payment cards, for goods and services they are purchasing. The basis of our investigation is microdata obtained in 2020, during the "Payment Habits in Poland in 2020" study, which was conducted by...

Cash is the most frequently used form of payment by Europeans at the point of sale (POS). For this reason, an adequate cash cycle infrastructure must be in place, with a sufficient distribution system allowing people and businesses to access cash through the automated teller machine (ATM)...