We estimate the demand for transaction and non-transaction cash balances in Canada, Denmark, Iceland, Sweden and Norway over the last decades using the seasonal method. These countries share many features that are relevant for cash demand, but nevertheless show large differences in terms of...

The objective of this paper is to validate the existence of an extensively documented secular upward trend in corporate cash holding. To do this, we use the new data for Poland and review original datasets from Bates et al. [2009] for the U.S. We find no trace of a trend for Poland and believe...

The study explores the factors likely to induce Polish customers to pay by cash, instead of payment cards, for goods and services they are purchasing. The basis of our investigation is microdata obtained in 2020, during the "Payment Habits in Poland in 2020" study, which was conducted by...

The Covid-19 pandemic has been a shock to retail payment behaviour. How have the changes differed across countries? What do they imply for the future of cash and digital payments? We assemble a new "Future of Payments" database on retail payment behaviour for up to 95 countries over September...

Payment costs for consumers are difficult to determine, are not recorded in an internationally harmonized manner and vary significantly from country to country. They are incurred in many forms, for example as fees for account management, for cash withdrawals at ATMs or for payment cards; but...

This paper presents the findings derived from a comprehensive survey conducted by the Central Bank of Malta, in collaboration with the National Statistics Office, with the aim of analysing payment habits in Malta. The research explores individuals' perspectives on various aspects, including...

This paper presents the findings derived from a comprehensive survey conducted by the Central Bank of Malta, in collaboration with the National Statistics Office, with the aim of analysing payment habits in Malta. The research explores individuals' perspectives on various aspects, including...

The Methods-of-Payment (MOP) Survey tracks consumer use of cash and other methods of payment. We present core findings from the 2024 MOP Survey, highlighting results from both the survey questionnaire and subsequent three-day shopping diary. Although cash holdings have increased in nominal...

This study aims to explore the vulnerability within the Czech automotive supply chain. To explore the vulnerability, analyses based on the comparison of both monetary and time-based characteristics, namely profitability, cash flow ratio, indebtedness, and cash conversion cycle, respectively,...

Private and public agents' plans and actions to introduce digital currencies and other innovative payment instruments could produce some unintended consequences, including the potential disappearance of physical cash. This study employs a two-sided market model to examine how payment systems...

This paper examines the direct and spillover effects of cash transfers paid in a rural and low-income setting. In the short run, an unconditional cash transfer program for ultra-poor households in Northern Nigeria led to a 12 percentage point increase in micro-enterprise formation for program...

Payment costs for consumers are difficult to determine, are not recorded in an internationally harmonized manner and vary significantly from country to country. They are incurred in many forms, for example as fees for account management, for cash withdrawals at ATMs or for payment cards; but...

We propose a new approach to identify firm-level financial constraints by applying artificial intelligence to text of 10-K filings by U.S. public firms from 1993 to 2021. Leveraging transformer-based natural language processing, our model captures contextual and semantic nuances often missed by...

We propose a new approach to identify firm-level financial constraints by applying artificial intelligence to text of 10-K filings by U.S. public firms from 1993 to 2021. Leveraging transformer-based natural language processing, our model captures contextual and semantic nuances often missed by...

Despite the long-term trend away from cash and the widespread adoption and acceptance of payment cards, many people still carry considerable amounts of cash. In a preregistered study, I examine whether risk attitudes can explain consumers' persistent cash holdings. To self-insure against the...

Payments are a key focus of central banks, as - together with the safe, efficient operation of the payments market - wide access to cash is fundamentally important for a healthy economy. In this study, three main research areas were investigated: 1. socioeconomic characteristics that can be...

The use of paper instruments-cash and checks-has been declining in the United States, and consumers have been gradually replacing paper with cards and electronic payments. Stavins (2021) examines the evolution of payments from paper to cards and electronic payments, while Shy (2020) shows the...

This paper aims to ascertain the determinants by which individuals decide to use credit cards as a payment method rather than cash; that is, to understand changes in socioeconomic factors on the long-term use of alternatives to cash. Using the data from the waves (2002-2017) of the Spanish...

We analyze the role of a well-functioning cash infrastructure for the stabilizing role of cash and the resilience of cash cycles. For that purpose, experiences from developed countries with low and high cash usage are assessed by distinguishing between demand and supply factors to demonstrate...

This paper contributes to understanding consumers' retail payment preferences and digitalisation in personal finances. We focus on the acceptance of cashless payments in everyday situations and the use of mobile banking apps in the euro area, where the payment services market has changed...

We study how financing constraints affect the cash holdings of small and mediumsized enterprises. There has been little empirical work on this topic, even though these firms often face financial constraints. We contribute by using detailed data on credit ratings in Sweden as a measure of...

In September 2023, CashEssentials launched a research project addressing the questions 'Is cash a public good? Is it a basic right?' with the aim of clarifying the debate and advancing policies. Within this framework, Labat (2024) reviewed the literature on the topic, offering a comprehensive...

Financial management practices play a crucial role in shaping the performance and growth of enterprises. Financial management involves arranging both short-term and long-term funding needs, ensuring the smooth functioning of enterprises. This research aimed to examine the relationship between...

The current study investigates the direct and indirect effects of firm-specific and environmental factors on export performance. Specifically, the study investigates the direct and indirect (mediation role of promotion (PR) and research & development (RD) activities) effect of capital structure...

Euro banknotes and coins are legal tender in the euro area. Cash is also an important payment instrument for ensuring that consumers have the freedom to choose how they pay, and it is essential for the financial inclusion of all groups in society. The Eurosystem cash strategy aims to ensure that...

Financial management practices play a crucial role in shaping the performance and growth of enterprises. Financial management involves arranging both short-term and long-term funding needs, ensuring the smooth functioning of enterprises. This research aimed to examine the relationship between...