This is the 15th progress report on the harmonisation of European securities settlement published by the Eurosystem's Advisory Group on Market Infrastructures for Securities and Collateral (AMI-SeCo). With the aim of further integrating European financial markets and in line with its mandate,...

This Research Paper addresses the growing problem of access to essential medicines, focusing on the role of intellectual property rights, particularly patent rights, in restricting access by enabling pharmaceutical market monopolies that keep drug prices high. The paper explores the Bolar...

This report covers judgments, decisions and interim measures by national courts and the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) on the implementation and application of the Temporary Protection Directive and the Council Implementing Decision 2022/382 of 4 March 2022 and the Council...

This document examines legal, institutional, and practical mechanisms to strengthen equality and non-discrimination within the European Union. It emphasizes the importance of data on discrimination and equality, focusing on their collection, application, and impact across social and economic...

At the beginning of 2017, the College of Eurojust initiated a project designed to assess the impact on judicial cooperation in criminal matters within the European Union (EU) of the judgment of the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) in Joined Cases C-203/15 and C-698/15, Tele2 Sverige...

The Directorate-General for Taxation and Customs Union (DG TAXUD) and the European Union Intellectual Property Office (EUIPO) have partnered to release annual reports detailing the efforts made by customs, police, and market surveillance authorities to enforce IP rights in the European Union...

The "EUAA Quarterly Overview of Asylum Case Law" is based on a selection of cases from the EUAA Case Law Database, which contains summaries of decisions and judgments related to international protection pronounced by national courts of EU+ countries, the Court of Justice of the EU (CJEU) and the...

This in-depth analysis offers a systematic overview of the case law of the European Court of Human Rights in Strasbourg and the European Court of Justice in Luxembourg laying down common minimum standards of judicial independence in Europe. The judgments are discussed according to subject...

The rise in financial fraud has prompted regulatory proposals under the Payment Services Regulation in the form of a shared liability model provisioned under Article 59. The potential proposal by the European Parliament could now extend liability beyond Payment Service Providers to Electronic...

Dieser Report setzt sich mit der Erreichbarkeit der Vorgaben der EU-Batterieverordnung in Deutschland auseinander, wenn neben den benötigten Rohstoffen für den Hochlauf der Elektromobilität auch der Zubau stationärer Batteriespeichersysteme berücksichtigt wird. Für die Analyse wurde dabei...

As a young graduate or national judge, you have the opportunity to take part in a traineeship programme at the Court of Justice of the European Union. The Court is the judicial institution of the European Union and the guarantor of EU law for 450 million citizens. This programme will give you...

How does Europol make Europe safer? When was Europol founded? How does Europol decide which crime areas to focus on? The latest edition of Europol in Brief answers these questions and more, and explains how exactly the agency works, who works there and what each of Europol's five crime centres...

How does Europol make Europe safer? When was Europol founded? How does Europol decide which crime areas to focus on? The latest edition of Europol in Brief answers these questions and more, and explains how exactly the agency works, who works there and what each of Europol's five crime centres...

As a young graduate or national judge, you have the opportunity to take part in a traineeship programme at the Court of Justice of the European Union. The Court is the judicial institution of the European Union and the guarantor of EU law for 450 million citizens. This programme will give you...

This report analyses the implementation of Articles 13, 16 and 17 of the Audiovisual Media Services Directive (AVMSD). These articles concern the promotion of European works by broadcasters and video on demand service providers. The study is part of the regular monitoring which is also requested...

Article 21 of the EU ETS Directive requires all EU ETS implementing countries to submit an annual report on the application of the Directive in their country by 30 June of each year ("the Article 21 reports" or "country reports" hereinafter). These Article 21 reports provide feedback on how a...

Based on the findings of the evaluation of LMB statistics, the aim of this assignment was to support the impact assessment of policy options aimed at modernising the EU legal framework on labour market statistics on business (LMB) conducted by Eurostat. The impact assessment is structured around...

This comparative analysis, drafted by Isabelle Chopin and Catharina Germaine (Migration Policy Group), compares and analyses the information set out in the country reports relating to 2022 for the 27 EU Member States in a format mirroring that of the country reports themselves and draws some...

AMI-SeCo considers the harmonisation of post-trade processes, including collateral management, to be critically important in the pursuit of financial market integration in Europe. In the area of securities settlement harmonisation, T2S has contributed significantly to the integration of...

This report outlines the most prominent cases in which the European Court of Human Rights evaluated the application of Article 7 of the ECHR. These decisions confirmed that the retroactive application of domestic criminal law is, in certain cases, possible for war crimes, crimes against humanity...

This report outlines the most prominent cases in which the European Court of Human Rights evaluated the application of Article 7 of the ECHR. These decisions confirmed that the retroactive application of domestic criminal law is, in certain cases, possible for war crimes, crimes against humanity...

This document provides an overview of the case-law of the Court of Justice of the European Union ('CJEU') regarding the ne bis in idem principle in criminal matters under Article 50 of the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union ('Charter') and Articles 54 to 58 of the Convention...

European harmonised standards are used to design safe products. However, if standards do not consider the diversity of human bodies in terms of size, structure and composition, they may fail to ensure the safety, comfort, accessibility and usability of products for the whole European population....

The gatekeeper platforms regulated by the European Union's Digital Markets Act (DMA) must comply with the law as of 6 March 2024. The DMA requires that core platform services create and make available interfaces that allow business users to access end users via the platform at lower cost and on...

Temporary protection is an exceptional measure that provides immediate and temporary protection to people displaced from non-EU countries who are unable to return to their country of origin. The EU Temporary Protection Directive (TPD) was activated for the first time on 4 March 2022 following...

With the final approval of the EU's Artificial Intelligence Act (AI Act), it is now clear that general-purpose AI (GPAI) models with systemic risk will need to undergo adversarial testing. This provision is a response to the emergence of "generative AI" models, which are currently the most...

In December 2023, the European institutions reached a political agreement on the AI Act, a new regulation on artificial intelligence. The AI Act will require providers of high-risk AI systems to test their products against harmonised standards (hENs) before affixing a European Conformity (CE)...

This article provides an initial analysis of the EU AI Act's (AIA) approach to regulating general-purpose artificial intelligence (AI) - such as OpenAI's ChatGPT - and argues that it marks a significant shift from reactive to proactive AI governance. While this may alleviate concerns that...

The chemicals strategy for sustainability towards a toxic-free environment (CSS) embraces two overarching goals of the chemicals legislation: preventing harm to people and the planet from hazardous chemicals and their toxic effects and supporting EU industry in the production of safe and...

The European Union Deforestation Regulation (EUDR) is set to take effect on 30th December 2024. While it aligns with EU's climate goals under the European Green Deal, it has sparked concerns with EU partners regarding its compatibility with World Trade Organization (WTO) principles. Internally,...

EU legislation calls SMEs to contribute to the twin transition. This study analyses the cumulative costs of selected pieces of EU digital and green legislation on SMEs and explores the effectiveness of costs mitigation tools at their disposal. This document was prepared for the Policy Department...

Nach jahrelangen Diskussionen hat die Europäische Union (EU) eine Richtlinie zur Regulierung von Menschenrechten und Nachhaltigkeit in globalen Lieferketten beschlossen, die sogenannte Corporate Sustainability Due Diligence Directive (CSDDD). Erstmals verankert sie europaweit verbindliche...

The aim of this paper is to map out and analyse the way in which EU environmental law applies - and the degree to which it applies - the polluter pays principle (PPP) in article 191(2) Treaty on the functioning of the European Union (TFEU) through liability for environmental damage including...

Banking Union is crucial for European integration, ensuring financial stability in the single market for financial services. The Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) plays an essential role in interpreting and enforcing the legal framework of the Banking Union, especially regarding the...