This paper proposes an alternative solution to the problem related to the risk that banks incur in the protection of deposits. This solution lies in the use by banks of contingent convertible leasing contracts to face financial distress situations by solidifying their own funds and thus...

Banks predominantly issue nondilutive CoCos, contrary to the suggestion that CoCos should be dilutive to reduce risk-taking. In an agency model of two moral hazards, we show that, although dilutive CoCos deter ex ante risk-taking and prevent banks from being undercapitalized, penalizing...

We implemented a methodology to calibrate capital structure models for banks that have issued contingent convertible securities (CoCos). Typical studies involving capital structure model calibration focus on non-financial firms as they have lower leverage and no contingent convertible...

This paper examines the effect of CoCo bonds that qualify as additional tier 1 capital on bank stability and reporting. The results reveal a significant reduction in the distance to insolvency following the hybrid bond issuance due to increased earnings volatility. Banks report less stable net...

As an efficient method for reducing systemic risk, contingent convertible bonds (Cocos) have received widespread attention, especially in banking. Similarly, contingent convertible catastrophe bonds (CocoCATs) are effective in the insurance system to minimize catastrophic risks. In this study,...

This case addresses securities that allow the holders to acquire stock directly from the issuing corporation either by purchase (warrants) or by exchanging convertible debt of the corporation for its stock. One can deem warrants and convertible debt as two different types of the same category of...

On March 19, 2023, the Swiss Financial Market Supervisory Authority (FINMA) announced that, as part of the Credit Suisse emergency package, the contingent convertible bonds that were part of the Credit Suisse Additional Tier 1 (AT1) regulatory capital, had been written off. We review the CoCo...

The UBS- Credit Suisse (CS) merger in March 2023, one of the biggest banking unions in history, was an emergency rescue deal engineered by Swiss authorities to avoid more market-shaking turmoil in global banking. The merger resulted in a significant increase in the combined stakeholder net...

We study the relation between product market competition and convertible debt financing. Competitive threats motivate firms to use convertible debt because the possibility of future conversion enhances financial flexibility. Consistent with this intuition, we find that the intensity of...

We construct a two-factor pricing model for contingent convertible bonds having a conversion to equity loss absorption mechanism, triggered by the event of the issuer’s Tier 1 ratio falling below a pre-determined level. The two stochastic factors are the issuer’s equity price and Tier 1...

This paper specifies a simulated convertible bond arbitrage portfolio to characterise the risks in convertible bond arbitrage. For comparison the risk profile of convertible bond arbitrage hedge fund indices at both monthly and daily frequencies is also examined. Results indicate that...

Purpose - The primary objective of this study is to investigate whether the inclusion of convertible bond prices as important inputs into artificial neural networks can lead to improved accuracy in predicting Chinese stock prices. This novel approach aims to uncover the latent potential inherent...

This paper examines the effect of CoCo bonds that qualify as additional tier 1 capital on bank fundamentals. The results reveal a significant reduction in the distance to insolvency following the hybrid bond issuance due to increased earnings volatility. Further analyses suggest a link between...

This paper proposes two data-driven models (including LSTM pricing model, WGAN pricing model) and an improved model of LSM based on GAN to analyze the pricing of convertible bonds. In addition, the LSM model with higher precision in traditional pricing model is selected for comparative study...

We empirically document and theoretically investigate why non-dilutive CoCos are prevalent, even though advocates of CoCos suggest such securities should be dilutive to reduce bank risk-taking. In an agency model with two subsequent moral hazards, we show that while dilutive CoCos deter ex-ante...

The Need for SAFEs -- SAFE Contract Terms -- Accounting Views of Convertible Instruments -- Methods for Converting a Pre-Money SAFE -- Conversion of Post-Money SAFEs -- Game-Theoretic Aspects of SAFE Conversion -- Equity Financing with Multiple SAFEs -- Liquidity Events with Multiple SAFEs --...

As of now, very few research studies have examined the effects of financial constraints on the short- and long-term performances of companies after their announcement of convertible bonds. Due to asymmetric information, previous studies consider issuance of convertible bonds as negative news. As...

We assess the impact of contingent convertible (CoCo) bonds and the wealth transfers they imply conditional on conversion on the risk-taking behaviour of the issuing bank. We also test for regulatory arbitrage: do banks try to maintain risk-taking incentives by issuing CoCo bonds, when...

This paper examines the impact of issuing contingent convertible (CoCo) bonds on bank risk. I apply a matching-based difference-in-differences approach to banklevel data for 246 publicly traded European banks and 61 CoCo issues from 2008−2018. My estimation results reveal that issuing CoCo...

We study a model of equilibrium sovereign default in which the government issues cocos (contingent convertible bonds) that stipulate a suspension of debt payments when the government faces liquidity shocks in the form of an increase of the bondholders' risk aversion. We find that in spite of...

We assess the impact of contingent convertible (CoCo) bonds and the wealth transfers they imply conditional on conversion on the risk-taking behaviour of the issuing bank. We also test for regulatory arbitrage: do banks try to maintain risk-taking incentives by issuing CoCo bonds, when...

This paper presents a new explanation for the prevalence of convertible security in venture capital finance. By modeling two-sided asymmetric information between entrepreneur and venture capitalist, we prove that convertible security can implement the optimal contract. Comparative statics shows...

Convertible bonds are an important segment of the corporate bond market, however, as hybrid instruments, convertible bonds are difficult to value because they depend on variables related to the underlying stock, the fixed-income part, and the interaction between these components. Besides,...

The main objective of this study is to determine a lease agreement to finance an investment project and a solution for managing credit risk. This study investigates three types of contingent leases to reduce the costs associated with bankruptcy and compensate for the lessor's position. A leasing...

“Soft-call” in convertible bonds (CBs) usually means that the bond can be recalled by the issuer only if the stock price has previously closed above a specified trigger price for any 20 out of any 30 consecutive trading days. It is not an easy optionality to value and to my knowledge no...

This study develops a parsimonious theoretical model to investigate the pecking order in financing for start-up ventures, especially with convertible securities, under adverse selection where a firm’s investment possibly has a negative value. While the role of convertible securities is limited...

CoCo bonds are a predestine instrument to enhance banks’ resilience as they combine the advantages of debt and equity instruments. Based on the combination thereof, CoCo bonds are counted either towards the going- (AT1) or gone-concern (T2) capital of a bank. In this paper, we empirically...

We study a model of equilibrium sovereign default in which the government issues cocos (contingent convertible bonds) that stipulate a suspension of debt payments when the government faces liquidity shocks in the form of an increase of the bondholders' risk aversion. We find that in spite of...

Purpose: The issuance of redeemable convertible preferred stock (RCPS) has been steadily increasing in Korea since the revision of the Commercial Act, which allows firms to issue various types of stocks, in 2010. This study aims to verify equity financing behavior by examining the...

We examine the relationship between the Governance Index (G-Index) and convertible bonduse by firms, specifically in the presence or absence of covenants. We find that the better theshareholder governance (lower G-Index) of firms, the more they are likely to issue convertibleinstead of straight...