This report models and analyses various aspects of the macroeconomic impact of competition policy interventions by the European Commission over the period 2012-2022. Based on information provided by the Directorate-General for Competition (DG COMP) on its merger interventions, cartel...

Following the judgment of the Court of Justice and especially the Opinion of the Advocate General in the CDC Hydrogen Peroxide case, arbitration agreements on disputes concerning damages for infringements of the competition rules of the TFEU have been interpreted as being contrary to the...

The Annual Report on Competition Policy explains how the Commission implements competition policy and how it contributes to the European economy and to improving the welfare of EU citizens. The Report is a non-exhaustive overview of the most important policy and legislative initiatives, and of...

The Annual Report on Competition Policy explains how the Commission implements competition policy and how it contributes to the European economy and to improving the welfare of EU citizens. The Report is a non-exhaustive overview of the most important policy and legislative initiatives, and of...

This year the 2004 EU Merger Regulation turns 20 years old. To mark this significant milestone DG COMP organised a conference, bringing together experts from across the competition field. Building on such momentum the conference was designed to take stock, reflect on what the 2004 reform has...

In this paper, we comment on the debate about guidelines for Art. 102 TFEU in the face of the challenges brought by digital ecosystems and abuse of dominance in related markets. We take the perspective of dynamic competition economics and derive four recommendations for the future enforcement of...

This open access book is the first to systematically explore competition policy in fintech markets. Drawing from the expertise of law scholars, economists, and social and natural scientists from the EU and the US, this edited collection explores the competitive dynamics, market organisation, and...

The Annual Report on Competition Policy explains how the Commission implements competition policy and how it contributes to the European economy and to improving the welfare of EU citizens. The Report is a non-exhaustive overview of the most important policy and legislative initiatives, and of...

The Annual Report on Competition Policy explains how the Commission implements competition policy and how it contributes to the European economy and to improving the welfare of EU citizens. The Report is a non-exhaustive overview of the most important policy and legislative initiatives, and of...

The Annual Report on Competition Policy explains how the Commission implements competition policy and how it contributes to the European economy and to improving the welfare of EU citizens. The Report is a non-exhaustive overview of the most important policy and legislative initiatives, and of...

The 'Annual report on competition policy' explains how the Commission implements competition policy and how it contributes to the European economy and to improving the welfare of EU citizens. The Report is a non-exhaustive overview of the most important policy and legislative initiatives, and of...

This report models and analyses various aspects of the macroeconomic impact of competition policy interventions by the European Commission over the period 2012-2021. Based on information provided by the Directorate-General for Competition (DG COMP) on its merger interventions, cartel...

The 'Annual report on competition policy' explains how the Commission implements competition policy and how it contributes to the European economy and to improving the welfare of EU citizens. The Report is a non-exhaustive overview of the most important policy and legislative initiatives, and of...

The 'Annual report on competition policy' explains how the Commission implements competition policy and how it contributes to the European economy and to improving the welfare of EU citizens. The Report is a non-exhaustive overview of the most important policy and legislative initiatives, and of...

EU competition law potentially has a role to play in the pursuit of sustainability goals and the fight against climate change. The need to interpret the EU competition law provisions in a manner consistent with the sustainability objectives that the EU is committed to – the sustainable...

In our study, ‘Policy Report: Priority setting in EU and national competition law enforcement’ (“Report”), we conducted a systematic and comprehensive mapping of the procedural and substantive rules and practices that define the way competition authorities of 27 EU Member States, the...

Sporting associations that act as regulators and are also active in organizing sporting events are well-established in many sports. However, given that there is a risk that they might exploit their regulatory power to foreclose organizers of rival events, the question arises as to how far EU...

With the rise of Web 2.0, and a variety of other digital services and products, personal data represents a key input to a growing number of digital services and products, including, but not limiting to, social networks, search engines, and/or online dating services. Data could be harvested by...

This brief policy paper highlights three issues related to the complementary nature of the Digital Markets Act and the EU antitrust rules. These include (i) practical considerations on the choice of enforcement tool on the part of the European Commission and national competition authorities,...

Innovation plays a crucial role in defining competitive dynamics. Given this fact, one might expect ‘innovation’ to play a consistent role in antitrust law. The present article conducts a systematic content analysis of the case law of the Court of Justice of the European Union to test this...

The EU agenda for improving competitiveness is missing in action. Economic competitiveness has been a central plank in the development of the European Union - a relentless quest for policies that lead to more prosperity and that make European companies in world markets more successful. However,...

The German Federal Supreme Court (BGH) held that the use of narrow price parity clauses (NPCs) between Booking.com and hotels infringed Art. 101 Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU), confirming the Federal Cartel Office's decision. The Supreme Court based its judgment mainly on...

The EU agenda for improving competitiveness is missing in action. Economic competitiveness has been a central plank in the development of the European Union - a relentless quest for policies that lead to more prosperity and that make European companies in world markets more successful. However,...

This article explores the role of sustainability in EU competition law from the perspective of the theory of legal realism. It addresses the issue by analysing three interrelated themes. It first outlines the main normative and methodological arguments of the protagonists and the opponents of a...

In Africa, Kenya is one of the countries which has had a progressive system of competition law, part of the reasons for this is because competition laws in Kenya have been in existence for more than 30 years now. This paper will interrogate the sufficiency of the Competition Act of Kenya (CA) by...

Mainstream competition law has failed to protect competition in core digital platform markets. This is partially due to enforcement agency’s current commitment to proving the investigated conduct’s actual effects on competition and consumer welfare on the basis of in-depth assessments of...

By reference to case-law and soft law in three jurisdictions (Canada, US and EU), this paper explores how courts and agencies carry out balancing exercises in the application of competition law. The paper identifies three approaches: utilitarian balancing, consumer welfare balancing, and...

Whereas the European Commission’s Better Regulation Agenda advances a broad standard for evidence in legislation, EU competition law more narrowly relies on economic evidence focused on welfare effects. This article explores this inherent tension by means of a case study of the 2018-2022...

This Article aims to delineate the extent to which potentially anticompetitive behavior that simultaneously improve user privacy are cognizable as efficiencies or objective justifications within the context of unilateral conduct cases in European competition law. After mapping the existing...

This paper explores the role which Member State-led infringement proceedings can play in overcoming the EU’s rule of law crisis, and hypotheses that it can prove helpful in breaking the current impasse. It begins by understanding why the EU’s “traditional” rule of law enforcement...

The practice of the Slovak competition authority does not offer any specific guidance concerning competition law enforcement in the digital era. In Slovakia, no infringement decisions concerning digital business practices have been adopted yet, nor is there any case under investigation