Employment levels in the EU27 recovered from the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020-2021 much faster than they did after the global financial crisis in 2008-2010. This was despite the immediate job loss effects of the two crises being of comparable scale. Demographic change is affecting...

Employment levels in the EU27 recovered from the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020-2021 much faster than they did after the global financial crisis in 2008-2010. This was despite the immediate job loss effects of the two crises being of comparable scale. Demographic change is affecting...

It is common to transform data to stationarity, such as by differencing and demeaning, before estimating factor models in macroeconomics. Imposing these transformations, however, limit opportunities to learn about trending behaviour. Trends and deterministic processes can play a central role in...

We investigate shifts in employment structures during the first decades of the twenty-first century at a global scale, focusing on a diverse set of countries, including eight EU countries, Canada, U.S., Mexico, Brazil, Chile, Argentina, Russia, India, and South Korea. Using the jobs-based...

Job polarization has been proven mainly in the United States and many Western European countries, but the Czech Republic has been relatively neglected in these surveys. This paper explicitly focuses on the Czech Republic and fills this gap from 2004-2017. Moreover, the Czech Republic is examined...

The digital economy's influence on society and the traditional economy is deepening, owing to the wide application of digital technology in production and life. The question of how the digital economy affects the employment structure has become a hot issue to discuss. To explore the impact of...

This paper uses the European Jobs Monitor (2017) ‘jobs’ approach to examine the structural changes in employment and wages in Canada between 1997 and 2022. Changes in employment and real wages reveals a long-term pattern of upgrading, particularly after the 2008 financial crisis. There is...

We investigate links between routine-biased technical change, the structure of occupational employment, and cross-country income differences. To implement this, we combine several data sources including national labour force surveys and Penn World Tables. We first document that in our novel...

This article analyses shifts in employment structures in a selection of eight EU countries (the Czech Republic, Germany, Spain, France, Ireland, Italy, Romania and Sweden), as well as employment dynamics at the aggregate EU level. This is done for four periods, separated by the financial crisis...

This paper analyses employment growth across occupations and sectors in India for the period that goes from 2011-12 to 2019-20. Using data from the National Sample Survey Organisation and the Periodic Labour Force Survey, this study finds evidence of mid-upgrading (relatively higher employment...

Job polarization was first identified in the US in the 1990s, when employment growth concentrated in the highest and lowest wages jobs with much less growth in middle wage jobs. Research since then has identified continuing polarizing pressures in the US and Europe, but also evidence of job...

Using a job-based methodology, this paper studies structural shifts in employment in the South Korean labor market from 2000 to 2021. The methodology follows the approach suggested and applied in the reports published in the context of the European Jobs Monitor, such as Eurofound (2015, 2017)....

Part I: Introduction -- 1. Why this study now? -- 2. The debate: context and literature review -- 3. Approach and methods -- Part II: Analytical content -- 4. Employment shifts in Europe from 1997 to 2021: the cases of Ireland, France, Spain, Germany, the Czech Republic, Italy, Sweden and...

The study presents the results of grouping EU NUTS 2 regions based on the share of employment in particular sectors (knowledge‑intensive high‑technology services, knowledge‑intensive market services and other knowledge‑intensive services), as well as GDP per capita, in 2008 and 2018. The...

The purpose of the minimum wage is to stabilize a worker’s life and improve the quality of the labor force by guaranteeing a minimum level of wages, thereby contributing to the sound development of the national economy (MINIMUM WAGE ACT.)The Minimum Wage Council (MWC) consists of 27 members...

One of the distinctive features of national employment is that net increases in employment are concentrated in the Capital area. From 2005 to 2011, about 77.1% of the total increase in employment occurred in Seoul, Gyeonggi and Incheon. The percentage for these capital areas had stood at about...

Korea had one of the fastest growing economies in the world from the onset of industrialization in the early 1960s to the late 1990s. Korea’s economic development in those years had been based on industrialization that emphasized manufacturing rather than service industries. However, the...

Using Census data, this paper proposes an empirical approach to look at differences and changes in the composition of employment across NUTS-3 level regions of six European Union countries over the period 1981 - 2011. We focus on jobs (defined as specific occupations within specific sectors) as...

The Bureau of Labor Statistics has reported an extraordinary increase in temporary help supply (THS) employment during the late 1980s and the 1990s. However, little is known about the venues where these THS employees actually work. Our estimates indicate that the proportion of THS employees in...

This paper uses quasi-experimental variation in payroll taxes to estimate their incidence and investigate how firms use their input factors. We find that higher payroll tax rates lead to large employment responses and have no effects on employee earnings. As payroll taxes increase, firms...

This paper studies the effect of the change in occupational structure on wages for low skilled men. We develop a model of occupational choice in which workers have multi-dimensional skills that are exploited differently across different occupations. We allow for a rich specification of...

The urban-rural labor productivity gap lies at the root of the large income gap between urban and rural areas in China. Hence, it is important to accurately identify the key factors that influence this urban-rural labor productivity gap. Policy adjustments and precise measures are also conducive...

Centralized wage-setting institutions compress relative wages. Motivated by this fact, we investigate the effects of centralized wage setting on the industry distribution of employment. We examine Sweden's industry distribution from 1960 to 1994 and compare it to the U.S. distribution over the...

This paper uses quasi-experimental variation in payroll tax rates in Finland to investigate how firms use their input factors. We find that higher payroll tax rates lead to large employment responses and have no effects on employee-level earnings. As payroll taxes increase, firms substitute away...

Using national representative samples from population census and mini-census of China, this paper documents important employment dynamics in China from 1990 to 2015. The share of routine manual jobs decreased significant from 57% to 32%; both the share of routine cognitive jobs and the share of...

This paper offers a brief reflection on the new policy challenges that have emerged as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic. It argues that a ‘new normal’ should acknowledge the ‘new essential’ (jobs and sectors). First, it examines the policy trade-off between containing the pandemic and...

This paper analyzes the cyclical properties of worker flows in Brazil and Mexico, two important developing countries with large unregulated or "informal" sectors. It generates three stylized facts that are critical to the accurate modeling of the sector and which suggest the need to rethink the...